Genomics in Behavioural and Physical Disorders | Bioaro

 

Common behaviouraldisorders studied in families, twins and adopted individuals have shone light on the significance of environment in a person’s life as much as his genes. Scientists have been trying to decode the human genome for decades and are much closer now to cracking it open completely. The genome sequencing project has unveiled a number of genes that are responsible for complex behavioural traits and psychiatric disorders that were previously unexplained. The project is now being pursued not just with the goal of identification of the human genes but also to understand their functions and the extent of influence on a person’s behaviour.

Candidate Gene Approach

In 2005, Fitzpatrick et al studied the presence of a particular allele in candidates who exhibited a particular behavioural characteristic compared to persons who did not. This method of study is popularly known as the “Candidate gene” approach where the selected gene is the candidate. The chosen gene is usually one that is known to have caused a pathological condition or responsible for behavioural patterns in various species including humans. Following gene selection, both sets of individuals are observed for the gene’s expression pattern.

Genome sequencing is being done for various other species other than humans that help us understand and follow an unbiased approach to the adaptive behaviours we see among us. We have been able to associate social interactions and their lack among certain individuals to genetic expression as well.

Genomics in Behavioural and Physical Disorders



We all know the link between genes and diseases. These diseases and behaviour traits are not influenced by a single gene. Single gene disorders (where mutations occur in a single gene) are extremely rare compared to complex, multiple trait conditions in humans. These cause the inherited psychiatric disorders due to changes in the behavioural phenotypes. Linkage mapping and other such modern genome association techniques aid in studies of inheritable behaviours among twins.

These studies have been valuable in determining the adaptive behaviours in humans and other species like reproduction, hunting, mating, foraging, etc. and how they are inherited through generations. From the conclusions obtained from these studies, scientists have theorised and effectively proved the roles of genes in diseases and behavioural disorders inherited in the offspring.

Mental health disorders involving impaired perceptions, lack in comprehensive skills or social skills, etc. have been proved to be a result of gene alterations on single or multiple alleles. Genomic tools help study these changes, understand them and associate genetic variants. Different genetic variants cause different symptoms and signs among individuals with the same behavioural or psychiatric disorder.

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